Rust на примерах

16.6 Other uses of try!

Notice in the previous example that our immediate reaction to calling parse is to map the error from a library error into our new custom error type:

.and_then(|s| s.parse::<i32>()
    .map_err(DoubleError::Parse)

Since this is a simple and common operation, it would be convenient if it could be elided. Alas, because and_then is not sufficiently flexible, it cannot. However, we can instead use try!.

try! was previously explained as either unwrap or return Err(err). This is only mostly true. It actually means unwrap or return Err(From::from(err)). Since From::from is a conversion utility between different types, this means that if you try! where the error is convertible to the return type, it will convert automatically.

Here, we rewrite the previous example using try!. As a result, the map_err will go away when From::from is implemented for our error type:

use std::num::ParseIntError;
use std::fmt;
type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, DoubleError>;
#[derive(Debug)]
enum DoubleError {
EmptyVec,
Parse(ParseIntError),
}
// Implement the conversion from `ParseIntError` to `DoubleError`.
// This will be automatically called by `try!` if a `ParseIntError`
// needs to be converted into a `DoubleError`.
impl From<ParseIntError> for DoubleError {
fn from(err: ParseIntError) -> DoubleError {
DoubleError::Parse(err)
}
}
impl fmt::Display for DoubleError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
match *self {
DoubleError::EmptyVec =>
write!(f, "please use a vector with at least one element"),
DoubleError::Parse(ref e) => e.fmt(f),
}
}
}
// The same structure as before but rather than chain all `Results`
// and `Options` along, we `try!` to get the inner value out immediately.
fn double_first(vec: Vec<&str>) -> Result<i32> {
// Still convert to `Result` by stating how to convert `None`.
let first = try!(vec.first().ok_or(DoubleError::EmptyVec));
let parsed = try!(first.parse::<i32>());
Ok(2 * parsed)
}
fn print(result: Result<i32>) {
match result {
Ok(n) => println!("The first doubled is {}", n),
Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e),
}
}
fn main() {
let numbers = vec!["93", "18"];
let empty = vec![];
let strings = vec!["tofu", "93", "18"];
print(double_first(numbers));
print(double_first(empty));
print(double_first(strings));
}
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This is actually fairly clean now. Compared with the original panic, it is very similar to replacing the unwrap calls with try! except that the return types are Result. As a result, they must be destructured at the top level.

Note that you should not expect error handling of this sort to always replace unwrap. This type of error handling tripled our line count and cannot really be considered simple (even when heavily biased by the small code size).

Indeed, moving a 1000 line library from unwrap to more proper error handling might be feasible in an additional 100 lines of code. However, the necessary refactoring would most definitely not be trivial.

Many libraries might get away with only implementing Display and adding From on an as needed basis. However, more serious libraries will eventually need to meet higher expectations of error handling implementation.

Смотрите также:

From::from and try!